Andrena sonorensis

Justification:
Andrena sonorensis is a solitary bee species known from Arizona and New Mexico in the United States. There are only 12 records of this species, and it has not been recorded anywhere in its range since 2012. This is despite over four times as much recent search effort as was required to detect it prior to 2013. Using all known observations, the extent of occurrence is 124,567 km2. There is little information available about the habitat and ecology of this species. It has been observed foraging from plants in the family Asteraceae, but its dietary breadth is not known. Across its range, impacts from climate change and drought have been observed. These threats may be acting on the species at local levels, but more information is needed to assess the impact of these threats, as well as to determine basic life history information and the population trend for this species. As such, it is assessed as Data Deficient for now.

Because of the limited records of Andrena sonorensis, its dietary breadth is not well understood. Specimens have been collected on Gutierrezia microcephala (Asteraceae). It has been observed from shrublands and dry coniferous forests. This species likely nests underground like all other Andrena (Danforth et al. 2019), but nests from this species have not been described. Nest cells from other members of this genus are located at the ends of the lateral burrows, which are typically lined with a waxy Dufour’s gland secretion (J. H. Cane 1981) that serves to both isolate the provision from pathogens in the surrounding soil and to regulate water uptake from the soil atmosphere (James H. Cane and Love 2021). Females provision each cell with a ball of pollen moistened with nectar on which they lay a single egg (Michener 2007). Records of this species come from September and October (Chesshire et al. 2023). Adults are assumed to emerge annually (Danforth et al. 2019).

Since 2000, the Southwest U.S. has seen the worst drought in 1200 years (A. P. Williams, Cook, and Smerdon 2022). Drought can reduce the abundance of flowering plants on a landscape scale, and also reduce pollen and nectar quality (Wilson Rankin, Barney, and Lozano 2020). Drought conditions have been shown to reduce the diversity and abundance of native bees (Minckley, Roulston, and Williams 2013; Hung et al. 2021). Certain aspects of this species' biology may make it more vulnerable to some threats. Andrena sonorensis is a ground nesting species, and nests may be harmed by certain agricultural practices such as tilling, which can kill bees nesting close to the surface (N. M. Williams et al. 2010). If this species is a dietary specialist, it may have a higher risk of extinction due to reduced host plant availability, especially under climate change scenarios (Roberts et al. 2011) and reduced effective population sizes (Packer et al. 2005). Additionally, Andrena have been reported to have low reproductive output because of the short adult life span, and a low rate of brood cell provisioning (reviewed in Danforth et al. 2019). Other threats to bees generally include habitat loss or modification, climate change, pesticide use, exposure to pathogens from managed bee species, and competition with honey bees (Brown and Paxton 2009; Potts et al. 2010; Wojcik et al. 2018; Grab et al. 2019; Raven and Wagner 2021).

Conservation needs No known conservation actions are in place for this species. Observations of this species are known from United States Forest Service land, but this does not confer any specific protections to the species. Further research is needed to determine the overall size of the population and to identify trends and better understand existing threats. Specific conservation needs for this species have not been identified. Due to the importance of supporting wild bee populations for pollination services, general conservation practices are recommended including, restoring, creating, and preserving natural high-quality habitats to include suitable forage and nesting sites; limiting pesticide use on or near suitable habitat, particularly during the adult bee’s flight period; promoting farming and urban practices that increase pollinator-friendly plants in margin space; minimizing exposure of wild bees to diseases transferred from managed bees; and lastly, avoiding honey bee introduction to high-quality native bee habitat.

Surveys targeting this species are needed throughout its range to determine its persistence throughout its historic range. More information is needed about the population status, range limits, habitat, and ecology of this species.

(a. any taxonomic concerns about the validity of the species? b. any taxonomic revisions underway that would require a species reassessment.