Andrena ishii

Justification:
Andrena ishii is a presumed dietary specialist bee species that visits plants from the genus Salix (Salicaceae). It is known from fewer than 40 records in the United States, with most records from California. The data quality of records from other states varies. Using all records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,396,682 km2. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding this EOO, which may be as small as 102,122 km2. Additionally, there are no records of this species, from any state since 1967, and little information about the ecology of the species. More information is needed to assess the range, persistence, and ecology of this species, as well as to determine populations trends and threats. As such, it is assessed as Data Deficient.

There is little information available about the habitat and ecology of Andrena ishii. The species is thought to be a narrow pollen specialist of the genus Salix (Salicaceae) (Ribble 1968). Records of this species come from mountain slopes and foothills, mixed conifer forests, and central California river valleys. This species likely nests underground like all other Andrena (Danforth et al. 2019), but nests from this species have not been described. Nest cells from other members of this genus are located at the ends of the lateral burrows, (Cane 1981) that serves to both isolate the provision from pathogens in the surrounding soil and to regulate water uptake from the soil atmosphere (Cane and Love 2021). Females provision each cell with a ball of pollen moistened with nectar on which they lay a single egg (Michener 2007). Records of this species come from April and May (Chesshire et al. 2023). Adults are assumed to emerge annually (Danforth et al. 2019).

Specific threats to this species have not been identified, Certain aspects of this species' biology may make it more vulnerable to some threats. Andrena ishii is a ground nesting species, and nests may be harmed by certain agricultural practices such as tilling, which can kill bees nesting close to the surface (Williams et al. 2010). This species is oligolectic, which has been linked to higher risk of extinction due to reduced host plant availability, especially under climate change scenarios (Roberts et al. 2011) and reduced effective population sizes (Packer et al. 2005). Additionally, Andrena have been reported to have low reproductive output because of the short adult life span, and a low rate of brood cell provisioning (reviewed in (Danforth et al. 2019). Other threats to bees generally include habitat loss or modification, climate change, pesticide use, exposure to pathogens from managed bee species, and competition with honey bees (Brown and Paxton 2009; Potts et al. 2010; Wojcik et al. 2018; Grab et al. 2019; Raven and Wagner 2021).

No known conservation actions are in place for this species. Observations of this species are known from United States Forest Service land, but this does not confer any specific protections to the species. Further research is needed to determine the overall size of the population and to identify trends and better understand existing threats. Specific conservation needs for this species have not been identified. Due to the importance of supporting wild bee populations for pollination services, general conservation practices are recommended including, restoring, creating, and preserving natural high-quality habitats to include suitable forage and nesting sites; limiting pesticide use on or near suitable habitat, particularly during the adult bee’s flight period; promoting farming and urban practices that increase pollinator-friendly plants in margin space; minimizing exposure of wild bees to diseases transferred from managed bees; and lastly, avoiding honey bee introduction to high-quality native bee habitat.

(a. any taxonomic concerns about the validity of the species? b. any taxonomic revisions underway that would require a species reassessment.