Andrena banksi

Justification:
Banks’ Mining Bee (Andrena banksi) is a dietary generalist solitary bee that occurs in the eastern United States. Using all observations of the species, the extent of occurrence is 2,541,278 km2. Most observations from the last decade are concentrated around the Washington D.C. region, an area of particularly high search effort due to the work of the Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Laboratory located there. Across the range of the species, impacts from habitat loss and degradation, climate change, and exposure to pesticides have been observed. These threats may be acting on the species at local levels. More information is needed to assess the impacts of these threats, and describe life history traits and determine a population trend for this species. Because the species is widespread, and is known from numerous observations in the last decade, the species is not likely threatened with extinction at this time. As such, it is assessed as least concern for now.

Banks’ Mining Bee has been described as a dietary generalist, although there are limited records of floral associates (LaBerge 1985), so dietary breadth is not well understood. It has been collected from Laurocerasus caroliniana, Diospyros virginiana, Prunus sp., Pyracantha sp., and Salix sp. (LaBerge 1985), but these listed floral associates do not indicate preferences. It has been recorded from grasslands, shrublands, deciduous forest, urban and agricultural areas. This species likely nests underground like all other Andrena (Danforth et al. 2019), but nests from this species have not been described. Nest cells from other members of this genus are located at the ends of the lateral burrows, which are typically lined with a waxy Dufour’s gland secretion (Cane 1981) that serves to both isolate the provision from pathogens in the surrounding soil and to regulate water uptake from the soil atmosphere (Cane and Love 2021). Females provision each cell with a ball of pollen moistened with nectar on which they lay a single egg (Michener 2007). Records of this species come from February through June, with most records from April and May (Chesshire et al. 2023). Adults are assumed to emerge annually (Danforth et al. 2019).

Certain aspects of this species' biology may make it more vulnerable to some threats. Andrena banski is a ground nesting species, and nests may be harmed by certain agricultural practices such as tilling, which can kill bees nesting close to the surface (Williams et al. 2010). Additionally, Andrena have been reported to have low reproductive output because of the short adult life span, and a low rate of brood cell provisioning (reviewed in Danforth et al. 2019). Other threats to bees generally include habitat loss or modification, climate change, pesticide use, exposure to pathogens from managed bee species, and competition with honey bees (Brown and Paxton 2009; Potts et al. 2010; Wojcik et al. 2018; Grab et al. 2019; Raven and Wagner 2021). This species has had its conservation status evaluated using NatureServe criteria at the U.S. state and Canadian province level in some areas where it occurs. It has been evaluated as Critically Imperiled in New York.

Conservation needs No known conservation actions are in place for this species. Observations of this species are known from U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, and National Park Service land, but this does not confer any specific protections to the species. Further research is needed to determine the overall size of the population and to identify trends and existing threats. Specific conservation needs for this species have not been identified. Due to the importance of supporting wild bee populations for pollination services, general conservation practices are recommended including, restoring, creating, and preserving natural high-quality habitats to include suitable forage and nesting sites; limiting pesticide use on or near suitable habitat, particularly during the adult bee’s flight period; promoting farming and urban practices that increase pollinator-friendly plants in margin space; minimizing exposure of wild bees to diseases transferred from managed bees; and lastly, avoiding honey bee introduction to high-quality native bee habitat.

Surveys targeting this species are needed throughout its range to determine its persistence throughout its historic range. More information is needed about the population status, range limits, habitat, and ecology of this species.

(a. any taxonomic concerns about the validity of the species? b. any taxonomic revisions underway that would require a species reassessment.